• On 1798, french troops landed in Egypt and they manages to defeat the Mamluks at the battle of pyramids or at the battle of Embabeh
• French wanted to control Egypt so it would threaten the British commercial interests in the region also to block Britain’s route to India.
• British realizes that their Indian empire was at threat. They responded by sending their Royal Navy fleet to sink the French fleet.
• In the Battle of Aboukir Bay, the French was defeated by the British.

Strategic Importance of Egypt

➢India was an important part of the British empire. Thus, British wanted to have the fastest route to reach India and to return back to transport the goods.

➢The Suez Canal on, shortens the distance for travelling to India which reduce the distance.

➢British started to invest in Egypt for the cotton plantation.

➢The nile river also would played an important role in opening new trade routes.

1st Military Occupations & Anglo-Egyptian War

• Financial problems (military expenses) & losing control of Suez Canal
• Urabi Revolution occured - Colonel Ahmed Urabi opposing Khedive Tewfik Pasha & British French influence - Sept. 1881
• Alexandria been bombarded by British Naval 11-13 July 1882. Preventing the rising power from CAU and anti-European movement
• Declaration of the betrayal from Tewfik in form of Fatwa
• Retreat from Alexandria, Egypt armies settled at Kafr El Dawwar. Blocking British to Cairo. Defeating Egypt in August 1882. British change strategy.
• Battle of Tell El Kebir - Regroup with French & Indian troops. Pressuring Egypt at Kassassin and Sweet Water Canal. British won the battle and war. 28.8 -13.9 1882

Britain Policies Induction & Problems

• 1876, Lord Cromer - financial reforms in Egypt. Investment in agriculture sectors. Developing cotton, dam, Nile’s irrigation
• Growing dissatisfaction toward British turn into Denshawai Incident 1906. The shot on Muslim women by British officer & the killing of villager.
• Growing Nationalism. Funded by German. Pressuring the rising Egypt voice by British with severe punishment to those oppose them.

The Formal Protectorate

• 1914, WWI - British announced Egypt not under Turk Caliphate & turn Protectorate. Khedive been deposed & announcing Sultan position
• 1919, Wafd Delegation & Saad Zaghlul attending Paris Peace Conference - demand on Egypt Independence. Some been arrested after.
• Led to 1919 Revolution - feminist voice (Huda Sha'rawi) - anti-Colonial riot.
• 1920-1921, some serieses into diplomacy move with alliance treaty turned failure as British wanted to maintain power in Suez Canal.

British In Egypt 1922 - 1956

• December 1921 - 1922, British issued martial law and deported Zaghlul.
• Another revolts broke out
• HC of Britain in Egypt, Lord Allenby proposed the need to give Egypt their independence until Egypt got their unilateral independence declaration in 28 Feb. 1922
• Egypt still under the monitor of British in matters of communication security, military & security power, foreign relationships, the rule in Sudan and Suez Canal.
• 1936, Anglo - Egyptian Treaty - withdrew the Britain troops. Britain control the Canal until 1947.
• Suppress on Britain in Egypt and formation of Republic of Egypt in 1952 for real sovereignty

British Rule over Egypt

• After the series campaign in Egypt, British became more involved in Egypt over time
• British had powerful control over Egypt’s government.
• Their general, Lord Cromer reformed the country’s finances and to restored public order in Egypt
• It also caused an increase in the number of British advisers into the Egyptian parliament
• They improved the public security, Nile irrigation, and lower taxation

Political Structure

Lord Cromer

• He became a British Agent in Egypt in 1883 and ruled Egypt for 24 years

• British Consul-General of Egypt

• During his time, he manage to overcome debt crisis that happen in Egypt

• He set about making big reforms in administration, bringing in staff from Europe to be placed in key positions as advisors.

He was able to rule the country without interference from the Khedive, Tawfiq Pasha, who was not a strong character.

Lord Kitchener

• Horatio Herbert Kitchener.

• He was a senior British Army officer and colonial administrator who won notoriety for his imperial campaigns

• He set up a assembly in Egypt

• This was the beginning of the parliament in Egypt

• This allowed many Egyptian become the government officer

Economic structure

• By 1914 cotton made up of 90 percent of Egypt's exports
• British had reason to develop this industries because the many of landowners involved this marketing.
• Egypt's trade policy was based on free trade.
• It wanted to trade with more industrialized nations whose products were made locally.
• Egypt was also one of the first non-European countries to exploit tourism especially after the sensational discovery of the tomb of Tutenkhamun in 1922.
• Unfortunately, the political instability in Egypt in the 1920s and early 1930s made it difficult for any but the most determined to travel specifically to Egypt.

Tourists in Egypt await their turn to inspect the antechamber to Tutenkhamon's

tomb, discovered in November 1922

Social structure

British did not give much impact on the social class of Egypt. However, British give upper class Egyptian an opportunity to had better education by sending it to Europe. Many of these graduation had come back and lead to the revolution in Egypt over British. Britain did not change any social structures in Egypt, instead just controlled the economy, focusing on trade and manipulating the people of Egypt for the increased production of cotton( 20th century Cairo).

Anti colonial movement in Egypt

• Urabi Revolt

• Egyptian Revolution 1919

• Egypt Coup De’tat 1952

1. Urabi Revolt Background

• The Anglo-French control of Egyptian economy from 1876 was met with strong resistance from the Egyptian elites and the army.

• The nationalists led by commander Urabi Pasha advocated for the removal of Tawfiq and his corrupt official and denounced the Anglo- French control of the Egyptian economy.

• Urabi Pasha demanded Egypt for Egyptians, he also preached against the privileges of the landlords and the family favorites of khedive, the dominancy of the Christians in the affairs of Egypt.

• He condemned the heavy taxes imposed on the peasants and agitated for the expulsion of all foreigners and Turkish soldiers.

• In 1882, the nationals revolted and killed about 50 Europeans and even captured a British consul.

• In order for the British to control their interests in the Mediterranean Sea and Far East, they sent a fleet naval ship on 11th July 1882 in Alexandria commanded by Gamet Wolseley.

Effects

• Egypt was declared as British colony in 1882 after the defeat of the revolt at the battle of Tel-el Kabir on 13th September I882.

• Urabi was captured and eventually exiled to the British colony of Ceylon (now Sri Lanka).

• Suez Canal controlled by Britain- The revenue collected was repatriated to Britain

• Khedive Ismail, Tawfiq and other Egyptian leaders lost their influence

• Ottoman Empire that considered Egypt to be part of its empire lost it to Britain

• Urabi remained a popular figure- It became the basis of future nationalism and agitation for the independence, militant nationalism of the 20 century

• Nearly 300 peoples killed

2. Egypt Revolution 1919 Background

• Great revolts of Egypt against Great Britain

• In 1914-Egypt became protectorate under Britain as the Khedivate of Egypt separated from Sultanate-Ottoman lose its sovereignty over Egypt

• 1918-Egypt nationalist try to end British protectorate on Egypt to self governance

• In 1919-The imprisonment of Saad Zaghlul and other Wafdist member led to the spark of revolution

• The out of control situation led Great Britain to recognize Egypt as independent state on 22 February 1922.

Revolution 1919

• November 1918 - Saad Zaghlul formed delegation to go to London (Al- Wafd Al Misri)

• Demanded complete independence with the provision that Britain were allowed to supervise the Suez Canal and the public debt

• The British refused to allow the Wafdist to proceed to London

• March 8 1919, Zaghlul and three other members of the Wafd were arrested and thrown into Qasr an Nil prison.

•The next day, they were deported to Malta, an action that sparked the popular uprising of March-April 1919

• Egyptians of all social classes participated

• Student, government officials, professionals, women and transport workers

• In a week, Egypt was paralyzed

• Railroad and telegraph lines were cut, taxi drivers refused to work, lawyers failed to appear for court cases, and demonstrators marched demanding independence

• More than 800 Egyptians had been killed, as well as 60 Europeans and soldiers, 1600 were wounded.

Women participation

• March 16 1919- 150 and 300 upper-class Egyptian women involved in demonstration

• marked the entrance of Egyptian women into public life

• led by Safia Zaghlul, wife of Wafd leader Saad Zaghlul,

• Huda Sharawi, organizer of the Egyptian Feminist Union

• Muna Fahmi Wissa

•The upper-class women participating in politics assumed as key roles in the movement when the male leaders were exiled or detained

• They organized strikes, demonstrations, and boycotts of British goods and wrote petitions

• Women of the lower classes demonstrated in the streets alongside the men

• In the countryside, women engaged in activities like cutting rail lines

3. Egypt Coup De’tat 1952 Background

• also known as the 23 July Revolution, began on July 23, 1952,

• Led by the Free Officers Movement, a group of army officers led by Muhammad Naguib and Gamal Abdel Nasser

• Initial goal to overthrow King Farouk

• To abolish the constitutional monarchy and aristocracy of Egypt and Sudan, end the British occupation of the country, and secure the independence of Sudan

• the proclamation of the Republic

Causes

• Lost at Arab-Israeli War 1948

• The Egyptian monarchy was seen as both corrupt and pro-British

• Foolishness reign of King Farouk and his entourage in spending and extravagance to leave the palace and the people suffer

• Offered to issue evacuation of British forces on the United Nations Security Council has not issued a decision in favor of Egypt

• Reduce the size of the national army units after the imposition of the British protectorate over Egypt and send most of its troops to Sudan under the pretext of contributing to the quell the revolution Mahdi

• Closure of schools and marine warfare

• Poor economic situation in Egypt

• Injustice and loss of social justice between the layers of the people and the poor distribution of property and wealth of the nation

• Night of 22 July, led by Gamal Abdul Nasser and Free officers Movement (Less than 100 people)

• Took control of Military General HQ and arrested royal ranks armies and officers

• The next day, the declaration of coup deta was broadcast to the people of Egypt

• King Farouk seek help from British but unresponded

• Was exiled to Italy with the protection of Egypt

• General Mohamed Naquib as the 1st president of Egypt